Tag: CIDR Methods

Classless Inter Domain Routing Made Easy (Cont..)

Introduction :

As we had a discussion  about Ip addresses and their classes in the previous blog,we can now start with Sub-netting.

Network Mask /Subnet Mask –

As mask means to cover something,
IP Address is made up of two components, One is the network address and the other is the host address.The Ip Address needs to be separated into the network and host address, and this separation of network and host address in done by Subnet Mask.The host part of an IP Address is further divided into subnet and host address if more subnetworks are needed and this can be done by subnetting. It is called as a subnet mask or Network mask as it is used to identify network address of an IP address by performing a bitwise AND operation on the netmask.
Subnet Mask is of 32 Bit and is used to divide the network address and host addresses of an IP.
In a Subnet Mask all the network bits are set to 1’s and all the host bits are set to 0’s.
 
Whenever we see an IP Address – We can easily Identify that
WHAT IS NETWORK PART OF THAT IP
WHAT IS THE HOST PART OF THAT IP
 
FORMAT :
mmmmmmmm.mmmmmmmm.mmmmmmmm.mmmmmmmm
(Either it will have 1 or 0 Continuously)
EXAMPLE :
A Class Network Mask
In Binary : 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000         – First 8 Bits will be Fixed
In Decimal : 255.0.0.0
Let the IP Given is – 10.10.10.10
When we try to Identify it we know that it belong to class A, So the subnet mask will be : 255.0.0.0
And the Network Address will be : 10.0.0.0
 
B Class Network Mask  
In Binary : 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000           – First 16 Bits will be Fixed
In Decimal : 255.255.0.0
Let the IP Given is -150.150.150.150
When we try to Identify it we know that it belong to class B, So the subnet mask will be : 255.255.0.0
And the Network Address will be : 150.150.0.0
 
C Class Network Mask  
In Binary : 11111111.111111111.11111111.00000000           – First 32 Bits will be Fixed
In Decimal : 255.255.255.0
Let the IP Given is – 200.10.10.10
When we try to Identify it we know that it belong to class C, So the subnet mask will be : 255.255.255.0
And the Network Address will be : 200.10.10.0

Subnetting :

The method of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.
A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically subdivision of an IP network
Subnetting provides Better Security
Smaller collision and Broadcast  Domains
Greater administrative control of each network.
Subnetting – WHY ??
Answer : Shortage of IP Addresses
SOLUTIONS : –
1) SUBNETTING – To divide Bigger network into the smaller networks and to reduce the wastage
2) NAT –  Network Address Translation
3) Classless IP Addressing –
No Bits are reserved for Network and Host
 
**Now the Problem that came is how to Identify the Class of IP Address :**
Let a IP Be : 10.10.10.10
If we talk about classful we can say it is of class A But in classless : We can check it through subnetwork mask.
255.255.255.0
So by this we can say that first 24 bits are masked for network and the left 8 are for host.
Bits Borrowed from Host and added to Network
Network ID(N)
Network ID(N)
Host ID(H)
Host ID(H)
Network ID(N)
Network ID(N)
Subnet
Host ID(H)
Network ID(N)
Network ID(N)
Subnet
Subnet/Host
Let we have a
150.150.0.0 – Class Identifier/Network Address
150.150.2.4 – Host Address – IP GIVEN TO A HOST
255.255.255.0 – Subnet Mask
150.150.2.0 – Subnet Address

CIDR : Classless Inter Domain Routing

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, sometimes called supernetting) is a way to allow more flexible allocation of Internet Protocol addresses than was possible with the original system of IP Address classes. As a result, the number of available Internet addresses was greatly increased, which along with widespread use of network address translation, has significantly extended the useful life of IPv4.
Let a IP be – 200.200.200.200
 
Network ID(N)
Host ID(H)
——–24 Bit ——– ——-8 bit ———–
   
Network Mask tells that the number of 1’s are Masked
Here First 24 Bits are Masked
In Decimal : 255.255.255.0
In Binary : 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
   Here the total Number of 1’s : 24
So we can say that 24 Bits are masked.
 
This method of Writing the network mask can be represented in one more way
And that representation is called as CIDR METHOD/CIDR NOTATION

CIDR  – 200.200.200.200/24
24 : Is the Number of Ones – Or we can say Bits Masked
Basically the method ISP’s(Internet Service Provider)use to  allocate an amount of addresses to a company, a home
 
EX :
190.10.20.30/28 : Here 28 Bits are Masked that represents the Network and the remaining 4 bits represent the Host
/ – Represents how many bits are turned on (1s)

CLASS C SUBNETTING :

 
Determining Available Host Address :
 
200
10
20
0
11001000               00001010               00010100                 00000000 – 1
                                                                                              00000001 – 2     
                                      00000011 – 3
                                                                          .
                                                                                                    .
                                                                                                    .
                                                                                              11111101 – 254
                                                                                              11111110 – 255
                                                                                              11111111 – 256     
                                                                                                                    -2
                                                                                                               ———
                                                                                                                   254
    2^N – 2  = 2^8 -2 = 254
           (Coz we have 8 bits in this case)               – 2 (Because 2 Address are Reserved)
254 Address are available here
 
FORMULAS :
 
Number of Subnets : ( 2^x ) – 2     (x : Number of Bits Borrowed)
Number of Hosts : ( 2^y ) – 2         (y : Number of Zero’s)
Magic Number or Block Size = Total Number of Address : 256 – Mask
Let a IP ADDRESS BE 200.10.20.20/24
Number of subnets : 5
 
Network Address   :
200
10
20
20
255
255
255
0
(as total Number of 1’s : 24)
IP in Binary
11001000
00001010
00010100
00010100
MASK
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
And Operation in IP And Mask
11001000
00001010
00010100
00000000
In Binary
200
10
20
0
As we need 5 Subnets :
2^n -2 => 5
So the value of n = 3 that satisfies the condition
So, We need to turn 3 Zero’s to One’s to create 5 subnets
 
200
10
20
0
11001000
00001010
00010100
00000000
 
11001000
00001010
00010100
11100000
 (3 Zero’s changed to 3 one’s)    
200
10
20
224
                                                                                  
Subnet 0   
200
10
20
0/27  
Subnet 1                                           +32 – Block Size
200
10
20
32/27
Subnet 2                                            +32
200
10
20
64/27
Subnet 3
200
10
20
96/27
Subnet 4
200
10
20
128/27
Subnet 5   
200
10
20
160/27
Subnet 6
200
10
20
192/27
Subnet 7
200
10
20
224/27
How to Put Host ADD.
Subnet 0   
200
10
20
0/27  
Subnet Broadcast Number 0
200
10
20
31 /27  
Subnet 1                                           +32 – Block Size
200
10
20
31/27
200
10
20
32/27
200
10
20
33/27
                                                          .
                                                          .
                                                          .
200
10
20
62/27
Subnet Broadcast Subnet 1
200
10
20
63/27
200.10.20.33 ….and so on till 200.10.20.62   – 13 Host can be assigned IP Address.

Conclusion :

As the world is growing rapidly towards digitalization, use of IP Addresses is also increasing, So to decrease the wastage of IP Addresses, the implementation of CIDR is important that allows more organizations and users to take advantage of IPV4.

Classless Inter Domain Routing Made Easy

Introduction :
One day I was working with VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) inside AWS(Amazon Web Services), where I had a need to calculate the CIDR notation of an IP address and subnet combinations.
I had to use online tools to calculate the Subnets and CIDR every time when I was working with VPC, but I found it interesting that how the network get  broken into different small Networks. So, finally I decided why not to learn CIDR Methods, and then calculate it by my own side instead of using tools every time.
But the questions that striked in my mind were:
  • What is CIDR ?
  • How CIDR Came into Picture ?
  • What CIDR do ?
For Understanding CIDR – (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) few thing need to be cleared before :

1. IP Addresses
2. Structure of IP Address
3. Internet Protocol Address Types
4. Classes
5. Network Mask
6. Subnetting

IP Address –

It is the Address of the Computer, Laptop, Printers or even of the Mobile Sets.
Everyone has some Address, so as these devices also have an Internet Protocol Address (IP Address), also called as Logical Address.
In a Network there are many Computers …
Network..??
A Network is a group of two or more Computers Linked Together.
So When there are Many Computers in a Network, We need to uniquely identify each Computer, so there IP ADDRESS works as an Unique Identifier for Computers and Other Devices.
For Example : There are Twin Sisters, How we are going to Identify them differently  
By their Name that are unique for each of them.
Here Name of the Girls are the IP Addresses that will be unique and the two Girls are the two Devices.

Structure of IP Address –

Now the Question is How do an IP Address looks like??
IP ADDRESS : 192.168.33.10
IP ADDRESS is made up of 32-Bit – 8.8.8.8 = (8+8+8+8=32 Bits)
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer.
Binary Conversion for 192 :
192 :    128      64       32      16           8      4          2         1
              1        1         0         0           0       0          0         0
          Bit 1    Bit 2    Bit 3   Bit 4     Bit 5    Bit 6   Bit 7     Bit 8    – Total Bit = 8
128+64 = 192
So, 0’s for Other and 1 for the Number whose sum will be 192
Binary Conversion for 168 :
168 :    128      64       32         16       8           4         2          1
             1          0         1           0        1           0         0          0
           Bit 1    Bit 2    Bit 3   Bit 4     Bit 5    Bit 6   Bit 7     Bit 8 – Total Bit = 8
Binary Conversion for 33 :
  33 :   128        64       32        16       8           4         2          1
             0          0         1           0        0           0         0          1
           Bit 1    Bit 2    Bit 3   Bit 4     Bit 5    Bit 6   Bit 7     Bit 8 – Total Bit = 8
Binary Conversion for 10 :
10 :     128       64       32         16       8          4          2          1
             0          0         0           0        1           0         1          0
           Bit 1    Bit 2    Bit 3   Bit 4     Bit 5    Bit 6   Bit 7     Bit 8 – Total Bit = 8
8.8.8.8 – total of 32 Bit.
Dotted Decimal Notation : In dot form 4 Sections are called as OCTETS – Vendor Neutral Term for Bytes.
Let a IP Be : 200.10.20.30
Inside a Network : 200.10.20 – will remain same and 30 will be unique for each.

Type of IP Address –

  1. Assignment Method
  2. Classes : 1) Classful
                    2) Classless
  3. Public / Private
  4. Version

Assignment Methods :

Assignment Method is method that defines how to assign an IP address to a Device.
IP Address can be assigned in two ways
1) Static IP Address
Static IP Address is the IP Address in which configuration is done Manually and is used in small networks.
2) Dynamic IP Address
Dynamic IP Address is the IP Address in which the configuration is done by the Computer Interface or by the Host Interface – DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
— Configuration is Automatic–

Classes :

classes define that in an IP, How much part will be for Network and How much is for Host.
There are 2 types of classes in IP Addressing :
  1. Classful
  2. Classless
CLASSFUL : IP Address are divided into 5 Classes;
Class A : 0 – 126                         N.H.H.H              Assigned for Large Organization
127                                               N.H.H.H             Assigned for the Loopback
Class B : 128 – 191                     N.N.H.H              Assigned for Medium Companies
Class C : 192 – 223                     N.N.N.H              Assigned for Small Organizations
Class D : 224 – 239                                                 Assigned for Multicasting
Class E : 240 – 255                                                 Assigned for Experimental Purpose
CLASSLESS : Classless addressing is an  IP address where a subnet mask does not define its class.  Subnet mask can be anywhere between bit 0 and bit 31.
CLASS A IP ADDRESS :
Range of Class A IP Address :  0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
Network ID : 8 Bit
Host ID : 24 Bit (8+8+8)
  • IP Address begins with 0,First Bit will always be Zero
  • 7 Remaining Bits in Network part : Only 128 Possible class A Network
  • 24 Bits in Local Part : Over 16 million hosts per Class A Network
  • All class A network parts are assigned or reserved.
Network ID(N)
Host ID(H)
Host ID(H)
Host ID(H)
0                     7 8                                                                31
0NNNNNNN       .      HHHHHHHH     .      HHHHHHHH   .         HHHHHHHH
In Binary :
Class A starts from : 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class A ends at      : 01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
In Decimal :
Class A IP Address is from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
Number of Networks : 2^7 = 128
Number of Hosts : 2^24
SOME EXCEPTIONS IN CLASS A : Cannot be assigned to host
0.0.0.0 : For Self check – Represent Default Network or M
0.255.255.255 : For Self check – Represent Default Network or My IP
127.0.0.0 : Loop Back Address Range : solve NIC Problem
127.255.255.255 : Loop Back Address Range : solve NIC Problem
CLASS B IP ADDRESS :
Range of Class B IP Address : 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
Network ID : 16 Bit(8+8)
Host ID : 16 Bit (8+8)
  • First two Bit will always be One and Zero
  • 14 Bits in Network part – Over 16,000 possible Class B Network
  • 16 Bits in Local Part  – Over 65,000 possible Hosts
Network ID(N)
Network ID(N)
Host ID(H)
Host ID(H)
0                                        15 | 16                                                    31
10NNNNNN          .     NNNNNNNN     . HHHHHHHH       . HHHHHHHH
In Binary :
Class B starts fr0m : 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class B ends at        : 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
In Decimal :
Class B IP Address is from  128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Number of Networks : 2^14
Number of Hosts : 2^16
SOME EXCEPTIONS IN CLASS B : Cannot be assigned to host
169.254.X.X : Reserved for APIPA (Automatic Private IP Address) – Host take IP Automatically ifit doesn’t get any DHCP Server in the Network.
CLASS C IP ADDRESS :
Range of Class B IP Address : 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
Network ID : 24 Bit(8+8+8)
Host ID : 8 Bit (8)
**Most Popular and Commonly Used**
  • First three Bit will always be One,One and Zero
  • 21 Bits in Network part – Over 2 Million  possible Class C Network
  • 8 Bits in Local Part  – Only  256 possible Hosts per class C Network
Network ID(N)
Network ID(N)
Network ID(N)
Host ID(H)
0                                                                        23 | 24                             31
110NNNNN            .    NNNNNNNN   .      NNNNNNNN     .      HHHHHHHH
In Binary :
Class C starts from : 1100000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class C ends at        : 11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111
In Decimal :
Class C IP Address is from  192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Number of Networks : 2^21
Number of Hosts : 2^8


CLASS D IP ADDRESS :
Range : 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
IP Address begins with 1110

Used for Multicasting, Not defining networks.
  • Sending messages to group of hosts
  • just to one (Unicasting)
  • ALL HOSTS (Broadcasting)
  • Say to send a videoconference stream to a group of receivers
In Binary :
Class D starts from : 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class D end at        : 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111
In Decimal :
Class D IP Address is from  224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
224.0.0.5 – OSPF
All OSPF Routers address is used to send HELLO PACKETS
224.0.0.6 – OSPF
All the routers address is used to send OSPF routing information to designated routers on a network segment.
224.0.0.9 – The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 group address is used to send routing information to all RIP2-aware routers on a network segment.
224.0.0.10 – EIGRP
used to send routing information to all EIGRP routers on a network segment.
224.0.0.18 – Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.

Private/Public:

PUBLIC :
A public also called as  External IP address is the one that your ISP (Internet Service Provider) provides to identify your home network to the outside world. It is an IP address that is unique throughout the entire Internet.
When you’re setting up your router, if your ISP issued you a static IP address, you enter it into your router’s settings. For a dynamic IP address, you specify DHCP in your router’s network settings. DHCP is Dynamic Host Control Protocol. It tells your router to accept whatever public IP address your ISP issues.
Those who wanted not to connect through internet but they wanted to run their network on TCP/IP Protocol
Here came the concept of PRIVATE  IP
PRIVATE :
Just as your network’s public IP address is issued by your ISP, your router issues private (or internal) IP addresses to each network device inside your network. This provides unique identification for devices that are within your home network, such as your computer, your Slingbox, and so on.
THEY ARE NOT ROUTABLE
CLASS A PRIVATE ADDRESS   10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
CLASS B PRIVATE ADDRESS   172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
CLASS C PRIVATE ADDRESS   192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
Internet Protocol Address :
           Reserved IP Address :
  1. Addresses beginning with 127 are reserved for loopback and internal testing – Used for Self Testing that TCP/IP is properly working or not.
  2. XXX.0.0.0 reserved for Network Address
  3. XXX.255.255.255 reserved for Broadcast
  4. 0.0.0.0 – First Address – Represent Local Network / Used for Default Routing
  5. 255.255.255.255 – Broadcast
Example : Let a Class A IP Address be – 101.101.101.101
               Network Address – 101.0.0.0
               BroadCast Address – 101.255.255.255
 : Let a Class B IP Address be – 150.150.150.150
               Network Address – 150.150.0.0
               BroadCast Address – 150.150.255.255

I hope that gives you a good knowledge of IP Addresses and their classes.
Now, We can move on to what sub-netting is, in my next blog.
Please Follow this link to get on to sub-netting –
Classless Inter Domain Routing Made Easy (Cont..)