subnetting. CIDR Archives - DEVOPS DONE RIGHT

Introduction :

One day I was working with VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) inside AWS(Amazon Web Services), where I had a need to calculate the CIDR notation of an IP address and subnet combinations.

I had to use online tools to calculate the Subnets and CIDR every time when I was working with VPC, but I found it interesting that how the network get broken into different small Networks. So, finally I decided why not to learn CIDR Methods, and then calculate it by my own side instead of using tools every time.

But the questions that striked in my mind were:

What is CIDR ?
How CIDR Came into Picture ?
What CIDR do ?

For Understanding CIDR – (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) few thing need to be cleared before :

1. IP Addresses

2. Structure of IP Address

3. Internet Protocol Address Types

4. Classes

5. Network Mask

6. Subnetting

IP Address –

It is the Address of the Computer, Laptop, Printers or even of the Mobile Sets.
Everyone has some Address, so as these devices also have an Internet Protocol Address (IP Address), also called as Logical Address.

In a Network there are many Computers …

Network..??

A Network is a group of two or more Computers Linked Together.

So When there are Many Computers in a Network, We need to uniquely identify each Computer, so there IP ADDRESS works as an Unique Identifier for Computers and Other Devices.

For Example : There are Twin Sisters, How we are going to Identify them differently
By their Name that are unique for each of them.

Here Name of the Girls are the IP Addresses that will be unique and the two Girls are the two Devices.

Structure of IP Address –

Now the Question is How do an IP Address looks like??

IP ADDRESS : 192.168.33.10

IP ADDRESS is made up of 32-Bit – 8.8.8.8 = (8+8+8+8=32 Bits)

A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer.

Binary Conversion for 192 :

192 : 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 – Total Bit = 8

128+64 = 192
So, 0’s for Other and 1 for the Number whose sum will be 192

Binary Conversion for 168 :

168 : 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 – Total Bit = 8

Binary Conversion for 33 :

33 : 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 – Total Bit = 8

Binary Conversion for 10 :

10 : 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 – Total Bit = 8

8.8.8.8 – total of 32 Bit.

Dotted Decimal Notation : In dot form 4 Sections are called as OCTETS – Vendor Neutral Term for Bytes.

Let a IP Be : 200.10.20.30

Inside a Network : 200.10.20 – will remain same and 30 will be unique for each.

Type of IP Address –

Assignment Method
Classes : 1) Classful
2) Classless
Public / Private
Version

Assignment Methods :

Assignment Method is method that defines how to assign an IP address to a Device.

IP Address can be assigned in two ways

1) Static IP Address

Static IP Address is the IP Address in which configuration is done Manually and is used in small networks.

2) Dynamic IP Address

Dynamic IP Address is the IP Address in which the configuration is done by the Computer Interface or by the Host Interface – DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

— Configuration is Automatic–

Classes :

classes define that in an IP, How much part will be for Network and How much is for Host.

There are 2 types of classes in IP Addressing :

Classful
Classless

CLASSFUL : IP Address are divided into 5 Classes;

Class A : 0 – 126 N.H.H.H Assigned for Large Organization

127 N.H.H.H Assigned for the Loopback

Class B : 128 – 191 N.N.H.H Assigned for Medium Companies

Class C : 192 – 223 N.N.N.H Assigned for Small Organizations

Class D : 224 – 239 Assigned for Multicasting

Class E : 240 – 255 Assigned for Experimental Purpose

CLASSLESS : Classless addressing is an IP address where a subnet mask does not define its class. Subnet mask can be anywhere between bit 0 and bit 31.

CLASS A IP ADDRESS :

Range of Class A IP Address : 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255

Network ID : 8 Bit

Host ID : 24 Bit (8+8+8)

IP Address begins with 0,First Bit will always be Zero
7 Remaining Bits in Network part : Only 128 Possible class A Network
24 Bits in Local Part : Over 16 million hosts per Class A Network
All class A network parts are assigned or reserved.

Network ID(N)

Host ID(H)

0 7 8 31

0NNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH

In Binary :

Class A starts from : 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class A ends at : 01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

In Decimal :

Class A IP Address is from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

Number of Networks : 2^7 = 128

Number of Hosts : 2^24

SOME EXCEPTIONS IN CLASS A : Cannot be assigned to host

0.0.0.0 : For Self check – Represent Default Network or M

0.255.255.255 : For Self check – Represent Default Network or My IP

127.0.0.0 : Loop Back Address Range : solve NIC Problem

127.255.255.255 : Loop Back Address Range : solve NIC Problem

CLASS B IP ADDRESS :

Range of Class B IP Address : 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255

Network ID : 16 Bit(8+8)

Host ID : 16 Bit (8+8)

First two Bit will always be One and Zero
14 Bits in Network part – Over 16,000 possible Class B Network
16 Bits in Local Part – Over 65,000 possible Hosts

Network ID(N)

Host ID(H)

0 15 | 16 31

10NNNNNN . NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH . HHHHHHHH

In Binary :

Class B starts fr0m : 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class B ends at : 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

In Decimal :

Class B IP Address is from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

Number of Networks : 2^14

Number of Hosts : 2^16

SOME EXCEPTIONS IN CLASS B : Cannot be assigned to host

169.254.X.X : Reserved for APIPA (Automatic Private IP Address) – Host take IP Automatically ifit doesn’t get any DHCP Server in the Network.

CLASS C IP ADDRESS :

Range of Class B IP Address : 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255

Network ID : 24 Bit(8+8+8)

Host ID : 8 Bit (8)

**Most Popular and Commonly Used**

First three Bit will always be One,One and Zero
21 Bits in Network part – Over 2 Million possible Class C Network
8 Bits in Local Part – Only 256 possible Hosts per class C Network

Network ID(N)

Host ID(H)

0 23 | 24 31

110NNNNN . NNNNNNNN . NNNNNNNN . HHHHHHHH

In Binary :

Class C starts from : 1100000.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class C ends at : 11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111

In Decimal :

Class C IP Address is from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Number of Networks : 2^21

Number of Hosts : 2^8

CLASS D IP ADDRESS :

Range : 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
IP Address begins with 1110

Used for Multicasting, Not defining networks.

Sending messages to group of hosts
just to one (Unicasting)
ALL HOSTS (Broadcasting)
Say to send a videoconference stream to a group of receivers

In Binary :

Class D starts from : 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class D end at : 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111

In Decimal :

Class D IP Address is from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

224.0.0.5 – OSPF
All OSPF Routers address is used to send HELLO PACKETS

224.0.0.6 – OSPF
All the routers address is used to send OSPF routing information to designated routers on a network segment.

224.0.0.9 – The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 group address is used to send routing information to all RIP2-aware routers on a network segment.

224.0.0.10 – EIGRP
used to send routing information to all EIGRP routers on a network segment.

224.0.0.18 – Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.

Private/Public:

PUBLIC :

A public also called as External IP address is the one that your ISP (Internet Service Provider) provides to identify your home network to the outside world. It is an IP address that is unique throughout the entire Internet.

When you’re setting up your router, if your ISP issued you a static IP address, you enter it into your router’s settings. For a dynamic IP address, you specify DHCP in your router’s network settings. DHCP is Dynamic Host Control Protocol. It tells your router to accept whatever public IP address your ISP issues.

Those who wanted not to connect through internet but they wanted to run their network on TCP/IP Protocol

Here came the concept of PRIVATE IP

PRIVATE :

Just as your network’s public IP address is issued by your ISP, your router issues private (or internal) IP addresses to each network device inside your network. This provides unique identification for devices that are within your home network, such as your computer, your Slingbox, and so on.

THEY ARE NOT ROUTABLE

CLASS A PRIVATE ADDRESS 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

CLASS B PRIVATE ADDRESS 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

CLASS C PRIVATE ADDRESS 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Internet Protocol Address :

Reserved IP Address :

Addresses beginning with 127 are reserved for loopback and internal testing – Used for Self Testing that TCP/IP is properly working or not.
XXX.0.0.0 reserved for Network Address
XXX.255.255.255 reserved for Broadcast
0.0.0.0 – First Address – Represent Local Network / Used for Default Routing
255.255.255.255 – Broadcast

Example : Let a Class A IP Address be – 101.101.101.101

Network Address – 101.0.0.0

BroadCast Address – 101.255.255.255

: Let a Class B IP Address be – 150.150.150.150

Network Address – 150.150.0.0

BroadCast Address – 150.150.255.255

I hope that gives you a good knowledge of IP Addresses and their classes.

Now, We can move on to what sub-netting is, in my next blog.

Please Follow this link to get on to sub-netting –
Classless Inter Domain Routing Made Easy (Cont..)